The Illinois Confederation, a group of tribes, originally inhabited the region of central Illinois. However, they were eventually invaded and defeated by the Iroquois, Potawatomi, and other tribes. The Potawatomi, in particular, were successful and settled in the Buffalo Grove area until 1833. As the dominant group, they often clashed with European settlers, like during the Beaver Wars.

The first Europeans to spend a winter in the area were French Jesuit explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673. They established trade with the Ojibwe while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. Over time, Native American tribes in Illinois were devastated by wars, diseases, and the influx of American settlers. They signed the 1833 Treaty of Chicago, which forced them to cede their lands and allowed for white settlement.

The first white settler in Vernon Township was Daniel Wright in 1833, who received help from the remaining Native Americans. Buffalo Grove was primarily settled by homesteaders from New England who later sold their land to Catholic German immigrants. These immigrants established St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church and St. Mary's School. Buffalo Grove grew throughout the 19th century with additions like the first school, the Firnbach Tavern, and the Weidner General Store.

Buffalo Grove experienced significant development after incorporation in 1958. Developers like Al Frank played a crucial role in the village's growth by attracting residents and removing his development from city planners. The population increased, and the government established commissions and hired professionals to manage growth. The 1970s saw a large population growth, leading to additional annexations and the establishment of home rule status. Industrial parks like the Buffalo Grove Commerce Center and Corporate Grove were developed, contributing to the village's economic growth.

Overall, Buffalo Grove's history is marked by the displacement of Native American tribes, the influence of European explorers and settlers, and significant growth and development in more recent decades.